The New Town policy in the UK has been a failure Essay Example

The New Town policy in the UK has been a failure Paper The original concepts of new towns date back from1799 and New Lanark on the banks of the river Clyde by Robert Owen. It was built as an industrial town with houses for the workers in the cotton mills. The next main historical event in the development of new town policy comes from Ebenezer Howard and his theory of Garden Cities. He published a book called Garden Cities of Tomorrow, this lead to the building of Letchworth in 1903 and Welwyn Garden City in 1919. After the Second World War Sir Patrick Abercrombie put forward a proposal to build 10 satellite towns beyond Londons green belt. These mainly to be built north of London although a few (Crawley and Bracknell etc) were built south of London. This lead to the passing of the new town act in 1946. This allowed for the provision of 28 new towns, 8 of them within 30 miles of London and the rest scattered around the UK. The new towns were chosen for their location, e.g. Bracknell (built in 1949) was 28 miles west of London and 18 miles from Heathrow. Its site was chosen in favour of White Waltham as it was close to an airfield and there was suitable land available. We will write a custom essay sample on The New Town policy in the UK has been a failure specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The New Town policy in the UK has been a failure specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The New Town policy in the UK has been a failure specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The end of the new towns act was in 1977, and meant that new towns stopped being built. Those that were currently under construction such as Milton Keynes were continued until they were completed, 1992 for Milton Keynes. The act was withdrawn because it was felt that although the new towns were being filled they were just drawing people from the inner cities, and hence the inner cities were starting to decline. At this point the government decided to completely reverse its policy and actively try to improve the inner cities, an example being the comprehensive overhaul of the London Docklands. Purpose of New Towns In order to assess whether new town policy has been a success we must look at the purpose for the development of new towns. This can be split into five main subsections: They were originally proposed as over-spill towns from London, intended to re-house the population from inner cities in a series of slum clearances after the second world war had destroyed much of London. Areas such as the Docklands and Canary Wharf are key areas that were cleared in order that they might be redeveloped. The displaced population was relocated in the new towns such as Bracknell, Crawley and the new town of East Kilbride taking people from the slums of Glasgow, namely the Gorbals. In order that the towns might become self-sufficient it was intended that industry and business would relocate to the new towns. In order to encourage them to move incentive schemes were instigated and premises built so that companies could move, housing close to the factories and offices were also provided so that they could take their workforce with them. New towns were also built to try and promote areas with untapped resources. Towns such as Corby were founded and housing built to support the industry around it. This meant that the inhabitants had a job laid out for them when they moved to their new house. However when the resource runs out the town is left without its main source of employment and so the number of people who are jobless rises sharply. New towns were seen as a way of allowing people to settle in remote areas that had low population densities. Around Newtown in mid Wales for example there were originally only small towns and villages as well as a few farms. Newtown meant that a new trunk road was built and attracted large multinational companies like Laura Ashley (subsequently relocated) and other distribution firms. The fifth and final reason for the development of new towns is to revitalise run down areas. This happened in Peterlee and Washington in the North of England. In much the same ways as other new towns were built they were constructed with housing groups and industry to provide jobs as well as incentives to attract the companies. Evidence The new town policy was discontinued in 1977. There are a number of possible reasons for this: * It may be that no more housing is required and hence building more new towns would just lead to an over provision for housing and cause house prices to fall and lead to large scale negative equity, thus forcing the country into a recession. * It may have been felt that the new towns were expanding too quickly and not respecting green-belt land. Consequently the act was stopped with the thought that this would preserve some of the open land. * Inner cities were felt to be declining as the general trend was to re-house people from these inner city areas as so they were not having the investment made in them. Areas such as the London Docklands and Canary Wharf are obvious examples of areas that have since benefited from the change in policy concerning new towns. The new town policy has been criticised for having been a failure; some have argued that because the early new towns were built with the houses first in an attempt to relocate as many people as possible as quickly as possible, jobs for those who moved were not provided. This lead to a large percentage of the population of the early new towns being out of work and unemployed, leading to a stigma being attached to the new towns as areas for the lower classes. This was changed in later new towns as for example in Milton Keynes where industry moved with a certain amount of workforce, as well as a Central Business eXchange (CBX) being built and a large shopping complex in the centre with provision for parking all around the outside. New towns that built up around a particular resource soon collapsed when the resource ran out, for example in Corby an industry was set-up around the steelworks providing many hundreds of jobs for the inhabitants of Corby. This however was the main source of employment in the town and so when the resource (iron ore) ran out the industry had to close, causing the loss of those many hundreds of jobs. This problem was one inherent in the construction of a town with just one main source of employment and can only be catered for by ensuring that either the employment continues or that there is some other form of employment for the town. Corby was therefore learnt from and the later new towns did not have one sole industry. A fundamental problem with the new towns was the policy of creating socially mixed housing. Whilst it was understood that houses of all sizes should be created in order to cater for all it was felt that areas of socially mixed housing would be a good idea. However the people living in the houses did not want to be in areas of either socially or ethnically mixed housing. Thus managers did not want to be living next to the factory floor workers. However the new towns were built in small neighbourhoods around each other. This meant that it was not necessary to take the car in order to purchase convenience goods such a milk and bread. With a good network of pleasant paths it is possible to go entirely by foot or by bike. The networks of roads in a new town are quite often laid out geometrically. In Milton Keynes for example the road are spaced at one kilometre intervals and at 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to each other, this thereby creates a traffic grid which allows cars and buses to move along with the minimal amount of hassle. It is however in this that yet another problem with new towns lies: It relies heavily on the car. To use Milton Keynes again as an example the central shopping centre has many hundreds of car park spaces, but is surrounded firstly by the car park, then by a ring of industry, and only then does the first set of housing start. This means that anyone who wants to go shopping but does not have a car is forced to use public transport, as it is impossible to go to the shops and carry the purchases back. The building of new towns has allowed for some radical rethinks into the way that houses are built and positioned. Energy saving houses that lose less than 1% of their heat to the surroundings by the use of heat exchanges and solar panels have been developed in some new towns, setting the way for further housing. Finally the new town policy has created towns that are fairly well countrified, and although they are often lumps of concrete in the middle of green open areas they are well countrified. With millions of trees having been planted for instance in Milton Keynes it will ensure that the surroundings are pleasant for the inhabitants. So has the policy of new towns been a failure or a success. To recap we have the problems of inner cities becoming dilapidated, social housing areas, lack of jobs, collapse of industry and the reliance on the car. Beside this there are the positive points of the development of futuristic housing, re-housing of slums, relocation of business out of the city centres, promotion of new resources and the revitalisation of remote and run down areas. We can therefore conclude that although new towns have many disadvantages the policy was right to try and move people away from the slums but should have redeveloped those areas immediately so that they did not fuel the cycle. The implementation of well structured new towns with adequate services and networks is a much better alternative to an unplanned urban sprawl which we see starting to spread its way across Englands countryside.

The New Deal Essays - New Deal Agencies, Labour Economics, New Deal

The New Deal Essays - New Deal Agencies, Labour Economics, New Deal The New Deal During the 1930's, America witnessed a breakdown of the Democratic and free enterprise system as the US fell into the worst depression in history. The economic depression that beset the United States and other countries was unique in its severity and its consequences. At the depth of the depression, in 1933, one American worker in every four was out of a job. The great industrial slump continued throughout the 1930's, shaking the foundations of Western capitalism. The New Deal describes the program of US president Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1939 of relief, recovery, and reform. These new policies aimed to solve the economic problems created by the depression of the 1930's. When Roosevelt was nominated, he said, "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people." The New Deal included federal action of unprecedented scope to stimulate industrial recovery, assist victims of the Depression, guarantee minimum living standards, and prevent future economic crises. Many economic, political, and social factors lead up to the New Deal. Staggering statistics, like a 25% unemployment rate, and the fact that 20% of NYC school children were under weight and malnourished, made it clear immediate action was necessary. In the first two years, the New Deal was concerned mainly with relief, setting up shelters and soup kitchens to feed the millions of unemployed. However as time progressed, the focus shifted towards recovery. In order to accomplish this monumental task, several agencies were created. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was the keystone of the early new deal program launched by Roosevelt. It was created in June 1933 under the terms of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The NRA permitted businesses to draft "codes of fair competition," with presidential approval, that regulated prices, wages, working conditions, and credit terms. Businesses that complied with the codes were exempted from antitrust laws, and workers were given the right to organize unions and bargain collectively. After that, the government set up long-range goals which included permanent recovery, and a reform of current abuses. Particularly those that produced the boom-or-bust catastrophe. The NRA gave the President power to regulate interstate commerce. This power was originally given to Congress. While the NRA was effective, it was bringing America closer to socialism by giving the President unconstitutional powers. In May 1935 the US Supreme Court, in Schechter Poultry Corporation V. United States, unanimously declared the NRA unconstitutional on the grounds that the code-drafting process was unconstitutional. Another New Deal measure under Title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act of June 1933, the Public Works Administration (PWA), was designed to stimulate US industrial recovery by pumping federal funds into large-scale construction projects. The head of the PWA exercised extreme caution in allocating funds, and this did not stimulate the rapid revival of US industry that New Dealers had hoped for. The PWA spent $6 billion enabling building contractors to employ approximately 650,000 workers who might otherwise have been jobless. The PWA built everything from schools and libraries to roads and highways. The agency also financed the construction of cruisers, aircraft carriers, and destroyers for the navy. In addition, the New Deal program founded the Works Projects Administration in 1939. It was the most important New Deal work-relief agency. The WPA developed relief programs to preserve peoples skills and self-respect by providing useful work during a period of massive unemployment. From 1935 to 1943 the WPA provided approximately 8 million jobs at a cost of more than $11 billion. This funded the construction of thousands of public buildings and facilities. In addition, the WPA sponsored the Federal Theater Project, Federal Art Project, and Federal Writers' Project providing work for people in the arts. In 1943, after the onset of wartime prosperity, Roosevelt terminated the WPA. One of the most well known, The Social Security Act, created a system of old-age pensions and unemployment insurance, which is still around today. Social security consists of public programs to protect workers and their families from income losses associated with old age, illness, unemployment, or death. The Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) established a federal Minimum Wage and maximum-hours policy. The minimum wage, 25 cents per hour, applied to many workers engaged in interstate commerce. The law was intended to prevent

#1 - the effectiveness of graphic organizers #2 -Learning vocabulary Article

#1 - the effectiveness of graphic organizers #2 -Learning vocabulary through reading - Article Example There were earlier studies in the area, though limited in scope, which have brought out the positive aspects of graphic organizers. The reviewed study aims to provide additional knowledge in the recently implemented systems where remedial students and students with learning disabilities are mainstreamed, and it could ostensibly lead to significant research in the field. The review of literature is carried out promptly, mentioning studies in the field by Bergerud, Lovitt, and Horton, Darch and Carnine, Sinatra et.al., Scruggs et.al., Mastropieri et. al., and so on. The review goes in detail to the significance of their studies and critically evaluates them, establishing the necessity of the present study. It also establishes a theoretical framework, holds scope to make use of the effectiveness of graphic organizers for students with learning handicap to the relatively new aspect of mainstream instruction. The authors succeed in relating previous research to their work. The study has three research questions which are hypothesized in affirmative answers. The questions are: 1. are the graphic organizers more effective than self-study condition for the three classifications mentioned? 2. do graphic organizers produce consistent effects in middle school and high school across a variety of content area classes? and 3. can teachers successfully implement graphic organizers with heterogeneous groups through teacher-directed and student-directed procedures? The hypothesis is consistent with theory and known facts. It is explained as testable, and promised to provide expected results. The methodology is explained with sufficient clarity so as to allow future researchers to replicate it for their purposes. The population used is selected from nine whole classes of three each from middle school science, middle school social studies and high school social studies. From each subject area, two classes are randomly selected to serve as experimental groups and

Assumptions Made in the U.S. Economic Decisions Assignment - 2

Assumptions Made in the U.S. Economic Decisions - Assignment Example The rates by banks and mortgage in the country experienced a considerable decline and a consequent effect on the economy (Eavis, 2012). The mortgage and banking industries’ decision to lower lending rates was incorrect (Henning, 2011) given the assumptions made. One notable assumption was that the price of real estate would always be on an escalating trend. Banks, therefore, decided to drop lending standards. This turned to be a wrong move in maintaining a stable standard of the economy. The second assumption was that mortgage lenders’ decisions are always trusted. The second assumption rendered transactions with real property securities as safe. Insurance companies and firms rating such securities did not attest the loans provided for real estate, which constitutes their key role. Â  Although a free market experiences a number of challenges, the condition was avertable. Insurance companies and firms need to attest securities provided for loans. This would create a legitimate rating of such securities. A legitimate security rating would help to reduce the lending rate that spilled the real estate with investors. Banks need to maintain their rates (Nagle, 2009) to levels that ensure desired economic states. Perfect and sure decisions made by the banking and mortgage industries would help solve the economic stalemate experienced. A though research in market trends would help contain the economy and avoid such assumptions. Â  

Corn production Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corn production - Essay Example (ibid.)† The five criteria for case selection according to Smelser (1976: 4) is as follows: â€Å"(1) appropriate to the kind of theoretical posed by the investigator†¦ (2) relevant to the phenomenon being studied†¦ (3) empirically invariant with respect to their classificatory criterion†¦ (4) reflect the degree of availability of data referring to this unit†¦ and (5) decisions to select and classify units of analysis should be based on standardised and repeatable procedures. The social issue that I have chosen is the issue of bio-ethanol production and agro-fuels – a contentious issue debated upon in an age of energy vulnerability and land shortages. The proponents of agro-fuels laud initiatives by the US government to embark on massive corn ethanol production, chiefly to decrease reliance on fossil fuels. On the other hand, its opponents argue that there are risks to small-farmers in rural places of production and can deepen inequality. The researc h that I have chosen was written by Gillon (2010). In the said paper, Gillon (2010, p. 723) looked at corn ethanol production in the state of Iowa, United States and looked at the dynamics and relationships between big business – i.e., the ethanol corporations – and the small farmers. He also examined the policies and politics that surround ethanol production. He began by looking at the related literature from a more global perspective, arguing that â€Å"each agrofuels controversy implies a renegotiation of social and ecological relations, whether the issue is food crises, land use change, market relationships, or struggles over industry participation and ownership. (page 726).† His premise is that the ethanol frenzy is emblematic of the tendency of capitalism to rely on â€Å"environmental fixes† (ibid.) – whereby bioethanol is promoted to supposedly reduce greenhouse gases, but â€Å"consumption levels and accumulation based on extracting cheap corn from the Midwestern landscape. (page 727)†. One of the cental conclusions that Gillon derives from his research is that contrary to the assertions of the proponents of bio-ethanol, small farmers do not stand to gain from the bioethanol boom. This is because, in his words, â€Å"despite simplistic assertions that rural benefits will arrive on the heels of an ethanol industry, the risks, costs, and opportunities associated with biofuels industry development fall unevenly. (page 733)† Interviews with the Iowa farmers demonstrated that the rising input prices and land rents made any profits that came their way from corn production negligible. Another conclusion that the research makes is that the depressed rural economies from which the ethanol are sourced are the ones paying the price for the desires of consumers in urban communities. Whilst the urban consumers benefit from the reduced costs of fuel and the so-called environmental friendliness of renewable energy, th e rural areas are paying environmental costs that are invisible in the bio-ethanol discourse. The author gave the example of Cargill, a biodiesel plant in Iowa Falls, Iowa that disposed 135,000 gallons of liquid oil and grease into a stream, thus compromising water quality in the area. Another point is that the increase of corn production on the land to feed into the ethanol project puts tremendous pressures on the land and on the environment – more than any other crop, corn production emits the highest levels of green house gases (page 739.) It is also prejudicial to the Conservation Reserve

Town of Manchester Essay Example for Free

Town of Manchester Essay In the article â€Å"Kentucky Town of Manchester Illustrates National Obesity Crisis,† Wil Haygood demonstrates how the dangers of obesity are rampant in small towns. Specifically, how their surroundings are contributing to the alarming obesity rate in this charming little town of Manchester. While Haygood depicts how the locals â€Å"celebrate the joys of community closeness,† he also reveals how â€Å"it is one of the unhealthiest places of all†. In fact, he points out that an estimated 52% of the 2,100 residents are considered obese, and that a majority of those are young children. To illustrate, Haygood cites a research study conducted in Manchester and surrounding counties by Jill Day, a local resident. The findings revealed that â€Å"Of the 277 [children surveyed], eight of those fourth- and fifth-graders were underweight, 135 were healthy, 49 were overweight, and 85 were obese†. In other words, he is indicating that roughly 48% of children are suffering from this obesity epidemic. Haygood suggests the problem originates from having too many fast food restaurants without enough healthy alternatives; paired with the fact that there are not enough locations that promote activity or exercise. For example, Manchester has at least 8 fast food restaurants as well as a Wal-Mart that sells mostly snack food. The only place for exercise is a physical therapy office. He also addresses the notion that obesity is more hereditary than anything else. He quickly refutes this argument by simply quoting Jill Day: â€Å"Since 1980, obesity has tripled in children, so we can’t totally blame genetics for this increase†. Overall, Haygood highlights that while being from a small town is comforting and favorable, it may be just as damaging and detrimental.

The Science of Cloning :: essays research papers

The Science of Cloning In the essay, Cloning Reality: Brave New World by Wesley J. Smith, a skewed view of the effects of cloning is presented. Wesley feels that cloning will end the perception of human life as sacred and ruin the great diversity that exists today. He feels that cloning may in fact, end human society as we know it, and create a horrible place where humans are simply a resource. I disagree with Wesley because I think that the positive effects of controlled human cloning can greatly improve the quality of life for humans today, and that these benefits far outweigh the potential drawbacks that could occur if cloning was misused. Human cloning is one of the most controversial subjects in modern times. Supporters claim that cloning is a great advance in science and can lead to great discoveries and medical breakthroughs. Opponents feel that cloning is a threat to human individuality and is potentially disastrous. Both sides make reasonable arguments, however I feel that Wesley takes things a bit too far in his grim outlook on the future of humanity. Sure, there are downsides to cloning, and yes it can be dangerous if it is used for the wrong purposes. This is true with almost any new technology. From gunpowder to cars to airplanes to computers to the Internet; any one of these technologies can be harnessed for negative purposes. Despite the risks involved however, all of these technologies have improved our standard of living and quality of life, and I feel cloning will do the same. Wesley J. Smith goes on and on about how eugenicists would want to create homogeneity among Humans, valuing traits such as intelligence and looks instead of love, compassion, and empathy. He feels that this would create an unnatural society of human beings, creating chaos among the world. What he fails to recognize however is that it is not nearly as simple to do this as he thinks. Right now, cloning is in its very elementary stages, and most research being done is for medical purposes. Through advancing our knowledge in cloning and genetic engineering, we can eliminate unwanted traits and genetic diseases. Wesley may then try to argue that these unwanted traits and diseases make us unique, but I doubt he will get much support, especially from somebody who suffers from some horrible genetic disease or deformity. Wesley then uses nature itself in his arguments by stating: â€Å"Eugenics, as awful as it is, is only the beginning of the threat posed to the natural order by human cloning†.

Mending Wall Poetry Analysis Essay

The neighbour keeps resorting back to the same simple argument and point of his father’s saying, â€Å"Good fences make good neighbours. † The speaker continues to remain unconvinced and presses the neighbour’s old-fashioned stubborn claims to be overlooked despite his reluctance to be swayed. The piece remarkably is quite simplistic in the way that the vocabulary of the poem contains no real fancy words, most are short and the majority can be used in conversion in everyday life. There are no stanza breaks, obvious ending rhymes or overall rhyme scheme observed either. The repetition of whole lines is surveyed twice throughout the poem however. â€Å"Something there is that doesn’t love a wall,† is the opening line of the piece and is repeated on line thirty-six. This is a reoccurring idea that this wall should not be up standing in the first place as it is unnecessary. Frost says that there is a natural force that tears down these walls as they are unnatural. The repetition emphasises that it only separates us from being able to build last longing relationships from those who may be on the opposite side to that fence. The other replication noticed is of the motto of the neighbour’s father, â€Å"Good fences make good neighbours. † This phrase holds a very strong importance to the speaker’s neighbour. In no way, shape or form does the man over the wall want to change his sturdy built tradition of his father’s trusty and wise wisdom. Frost would rather the neighbour think for himself and for him to grasp the opportunity to do something different rather than continue to â€Å"move in darkness† and let go of the unneeded barrier between that lies between them. One interpretation is that Frost could be trying to convey is one of unnecessary barriers and dead-ends. Excuses not to alter their lives, not to form new friendships or develop and build even stronger ones. The title Mending Wall could mean anything but fixing the fence between the two blocks of land but refer instead to the broken relationship that exists between two human beings.

Compare and Contrast: the Story of an Hour and a Rose for Emily

Deriso 1 Daniel Deriso Professor Robert Eastman English 101 4 September 2012 Compare and Contrast: â€Å"The Story of an Hour† vs. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† The two short stories discussed are about two drastically different women both with oppressive men in their lives. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, Louise realizes she wished to be free from her marriage. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Emily is yearning to be married. One woman is looking to be loved, and the other is so full of disdain that it kills her. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Emily is being controlled by her draconian father.He will not allow Emily to have contact with other men. When Emily’s father passes away she requests to keep the body, because she is fearful of being so desolate. Emily later kills her boyfriend Homer Barron for trying to leave her, and his body is not discovered until after her death. Whereas, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is about a woman who wishes the man i n her life is not in her life. The reader can tell from Louise’s thoughts that her spouse is a very stern man. The news of his passing brings her a feeling of overwhelming freedom.Emily never married because her father would not allow it. This fact drives her insane. Her life dream is to be married, but she will end up alone. However, Louise Mallard, who is married, yearns for those bonds to be severed. Her marriage is what inevitably kills her. The stories both end tragically. In both stories the protagonist dies, yet for very different reasoning. Emily kills Homer for trying to leave her. Then she keeps his body with her until she is discovered dead of old age.Louise Mallard believes her husband to be dead, which leaves her bonds of marriage broken. His return causes her so much anguish that she dies of a heart attack. In the end, both women die of their individual ideas of love. Emily has every man she ever loved Deriso 2 die throughout her life. Louise Mallard faces her m ortality when she realizes that her husband is still alive. The stories are both extremely grim. They deal with the themes of love, hate, and loss. Three of the most powerful themes in all of literature.

Free Essays on Business

Company & Product: Glow (Fabric Detergent) Data & Demographics: A properly organized database is essential to build the direct marketing strategy. Without it, each action remains independent of others. You can not build your understanding of complex customer reactions without recording all the interactions you have had with that individual or company. The value of the database depends on its being comprehensive and up to date. Accessing the demographic data you need to expand your business, find new customers or design marketing campaigns. Analyze income and population trends, racial mix, housing values, and employment trends. Data available down to zip code level. Compare multiple Geographic’s side by side. Statistics: Probably the most often used descriptive statistic is the mean. The mean is a particularly informative measure of the â€Å"central tendency† of the cariable if it is reported along with its confidence intervals. The mean can offer information about the population. The â€Å"true† (population) mean is located (with a given level of certainty). For example, if the mean in a sample is 23, and the lower and upper limits of the p=.05 confidence interval are 19 and 27 respectively, then you can conclude that there is a 95% probability that the population mean is greater than 19 and lower than 27. Customer Relationship Management (CRM): CRM is the process that enables you to build long term profitable relationships with your customers and prospects. The central element of CRM is the customer database essential for any direct marketing strategy. This includes much more than just the basic contact details of the customer. It must record and facilitate all outgoing and incoming communication with that customer by any member of your team-personal meeting, letters, telephone, fax, email. It must also provide an automated document management service to file all documents for e... Free Essays on Business Free Essays on Business Ocean Fortune Trading Ltd is a newly company schedule to operate in Austin, Texas at the beginning of January 2006. The business has just recently found out there is a market for the new motorized bicycle in Austin. Such product is still unknown to the public and is not saturated yet as the product is in the introduction phase. Ocean Fortune believes that this market offers great opportunity to introduce and sell the electric motorized â€Å"Zap 20’ inch Power Bike† both on the local market as well as the overseas where great sales lead exists. The Z-Bike is a versatile electric bike with a clean advanced style inspired by the aerodynamics of a sports car. The 20† wheel size makes it lightweight and easy to store. The specially designed mono tube frame is both beautiful and rugged. This bike combines the latest in electric drive with practical bike features including front suspension and 6 speeds. It will go 20 – 30 Km per charge and is an exciting bike for all ages. It is supplied with a 220V charger. As an alternative mode of transportation, the Zap Power Bike is 100% pollution free and contributes to a cleaner environment and the power consumption for charging is very low. The bicycle is classified under normal bicycle and no license is required. The Z – Bike can be use as a pedal power alone or power assist. The direct marketing program that Ocean Fortune Trading Ltd will be concentrating on for the first 6 months is in Galveston, Texas only and once the business is established, the company will be looking in expanding interstate and overseas. The business consists of 2 partners and the company mainly focuses on import and export. Such business is also incorporated in Taiwan and Hong-Kong, however the major operation will be conducted in Austin. Ocean Fortune Trading Ltd is now issuing a proposal to potential investors inviting them to invest into the business and secured a Return on Investment within the n... Free Essays on Business Company & Product: Glow (Fabric Detergent) Data & Demographics: A properly organized database is essential to build the direct marketing strategy. Without it, each action remains independent of others. You can not build your understanding of complex customer reactions without recording all the interactions you have had with that individual or company. The value of the database depends on its being comprehensive and up to date. Accessing the demographic data you need to expand your business, find new customers or design marketing campaigns. Analyze income and population trends, racial mix, housing values, and employment trends. Data available down to zip code level. Compare multiple Geographic’s side by side. Statistics: Probably the most often used descriptive statistic is the mean. The mean is a particularly informative measure of the â€Å"central tendency† of the cariable if it is reported along with its confidence intervals. The mean can offer information about the population. The â€Å"true† (population) mean is located (with a given level of certainty). For example, if the mean in a sample is 23, and the lower and upper limits of the p=.05 confidence interval are 19 and 27 respectively, then you can conclude that there is a 95% probability that the population mean is greater than 19 and lower than 27. Customer Relationship Management (CRM): CRM is the process that enables you to build long term profitable relationships with your customers and prospects. The central element of CRM is the customer database essential for any direct marketing strategy. This includes much more than just the basic contact details of the customer. It must record and facilitate all outgoing and incoming communication with that customer by any member of your team-personal meeting, letters, telephone, fax, email. It must also provide an automated document management service to file all documents for e... Free Essays on Business Is most conflict in an organization is caused by poor communication? If we had perfect communication would conflict cease? Consider for example, an e-mail asking for some information â€Å"yesterday† to stress how important this request is. The sender thinks e-mails are great as they travel at the speed of light and spell things out in black & white. The recipient may consider that if it’s in e-mail then it can’t be that urgent because servers can loose, misdirect or delay an e-mails transmission. They may also consider that as the information was wanted â€Å"yesterday† it’s already too late to be effectively utilized. Both parties saw the same communiquà ©, neither read the same message. Each will blame the other for failing to communicate properly and conflict may result. E-mail flame wars are a high tech twist on whispering campaigns. And like the system of claims & loyalties in feudal states the smallest e-mail spat can spiral out of control with careless use of the C.C. and B.C.C functions. Drucker (1977) says that there are four fundamentals of communication:  · communication is perception of the recipient not the utterance of the instigator  · communication is expectation in that recipients will heed only what they are expecting to hear  · communication makes demands of the recipient that they become someone, do or believe something  · communication and information are different and largely opposite - yet interdependent Employees need to know a number of things such as what is expected of them, how they are performing and how can they advance. If these are not communicated, on a regular basis, then role or expectation conflict will develop and motivation decline as the employee is berated for failing to meet the goals their superiors [are convinced they] assigned them. But if this is all the communication they receive they may begin to feel like machines. According to Pearson & Thomas there are three levels of ... Free Essays on Business 1. Product Life Cycle a. 1. Product development begins when the company finds and develops a new-product idea. During product development, sales are zero and the company’s investment costs mount. 2. Introduction is a period of slow sales growth as the product is introduced in the market. Profits are nonexistent in this stage because of the heavy expenses of product introduction. 3. Growth is a period of rapid market acceptance and increasing profits. 4. Maturity is a period of slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. Profits level off or decline because of increased marketing outlays to defend the product against competition. 5. Decline is the period when sales fall off and profits drop. b. 1. Introduction: Product- offer a basic product Price- Use cost-plus formula Distribution- build selective distribution Growth: Product- Offer product extensions, service, warranty Price- Price to penetrate market Distribution- increase distribution outlets Maturity: Product- diversify brand and models Price- Price to match or best competitors Distribution- build more intensive distribution Decline: Product- phase out weak items Price- cut price Distribution- go selective: Phase out unprofitable outlets 2. Pricing Approaches a. Cost-based- adding a standard markup to the cost of the product Ex. An appliance retailer might pay a manufacturer $20 for a Toaster and mark it up to sell at $30, a 50% markup on cost. Value-based- uses buyers’ perceptions of value rather than on the seller’s cost. Ex. People are looking... Free Essays on Business Critically discuss the view that â€Å"Marketing is getting people to buy things they don’t need, with money they don’t have, to impress people they don’t know†. Marketing as both a process and a philosophy has developed as society has developed. When man first realised the benefits of trade, markets were both local and relatively independent. The relationship between producer and consumer was direct and personal. The Industrial Revolution lead to changes in production and consumption. Mechanisation, mass production, and labour specialisation lead to dramatic increases in production, and with it, a need for distribution. The relationship between producer and consumer had become relatively indirect. Since the first production surplus, marketing has been based on the principle of exchange – interested parties exchanging something of value. In 1776, when Adam Smith said, â€Å"Consumption is the sole end and purpose of production† he was describ ing what in recent times has become known as the marketing concept (McDonald & Keegan, 1997, pg. 1). In marketing terms, the consumer can be defined as any individual, group of individuals or organization. The role of the consumer is expanded to include the categories of payer, user and buyer, be it an individual, a household or an organization. Products are also generalised to include all goods, services, places, people and ideas. In recent times, the broad nature of marketing has lead to acceptance of the following definition. â€Å"Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational goals† (Czinkota et. al, 2000, pg. 8). Simply, modern marketing includes everything from conception to consumption of an idea. Marketing stimuli consists of the four P’s – product, price, place and promotion (Kotler & Armstrong, 1996, pg. 1 43). In relation to this mix,... Free Essays on Business Questions for Management and Organizational Behavior Term Paper Please include a brief autobiography of yourself†¦ (Title, Age, Educational Background†¦) Manager of Computer Systems and Operations Age: 43 BA Liberal arts, History AA Data processing 1. What is your organization chart? What makes up your functional staff? What is your reporting relationship? Hierarchical organization. 3 staff directly under me. Report to Director of Division. 2. What is your annual operating budget? (Approximate if necessary) 1 million 3. What business are you in? What products and services do you provide? The American Institute of Physics is a Scientific Journal Publisher. We publish science research manuscripts in both printed and electronic media for AIP and member societies. Organize and provide support for member society meetings. Public relations issues for AIP and our member societies. Marketing and advertising for AIP and member journals. Computer services and support for AIP and member societies. 4. What are your departmental major objectives for 2002? Are they in writing? (Calendar or fiscal year) Migrate enterprise wide backup server to new tape library system. Migrate large enterprise servers to a SAN solution. Yes. 5. What do you consider to be your biggest challenge? Providing all the support services within a limited budget. 6. To whom do you report? (Title, Function) Wendy Marriot, Director of Business Systems and Operations. 7. How long have you been a manager? 5 years 8. How is your individual performance measured? Annual performance appraisal based on major job responsibilities and functions. Managerial type functions. 9. How do you measure the performance of your direct reports? Annual performance appraisal based on more specific job tasks for each shift. 10. Do you have a written business plan? Related Mission statement? What does it state? How can I obtain a copy? The company has a written business pla...

Evaluation of The Poverty Issue in US Economy Essay - 5

Evaluation of The Poverty Issue in US Economy - Essay Example There is little contradiction as to objectives, for example; the proceeding with verbal confrontation in the middle of liberals and preservationists is not over closures; it is over means (Cypher, 2014). Presently, the characteristic approach to attaining to the economic ends of higher living standards, one would assume, is by utilizing financial means and getting to be more profitable. It is just in a profitable, prosperous economy that imparts the riches projects bode well whatsoever; and it is just by growing the systems which clarify our present flourishing that the less prosperous may want to enhance their circumstances. Government is not an economic institution; administrative activity, all things considered, does not deliver sustenance, garments, or asylum (Gordan, 2005). The provisioning of men's material needs includes financial activity, with government remaining by to secure the maker and keep the exchange courses open. The government has no monetary products of its own, so any riches it offers on either individual must first be gotten from the people who delivered it. If the government gives Peter a dollar, it should first deny Paul of a bit of his profit. The way of political activity is such that legislature cant in any way, shape or form be utilized as a lever to raise the general level of monetary, physical, and intelligent prosperity. Let us attempt to get this matter of poverty into a point of view. The greater part of individuals has had some experience with destitution. The majority of people encountered destitution in their particular families or, at any rate, in the neighborhoods. In the 1930s, there were many men without occupations (Louis & Jennings, 1999). However, amid this same period, the nineteen thirties, more than five million individuals passed on of starvation in Ukraine; in no way like this happened in America.

Article evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article evaluation - Essay Example The article concludes that the three theories; the routine activity theory, environmental criminology and rational perspectives all contend that the organizational environment plays a significant role in the commission of such crimes and that the management of organizations must develop appropriate relationships with the environments to safeguard both their resources and the privacy of the employees. The routine activity theory, for example, develops the concept of targets. By routine activities with computers at the place of work, helps reveal the weaknesses that perpetrators often exploit before they commit crimes.The case study shows the importance of enhancing the safety of information systems in an organization. Using the case, the article applies the three theories thus showing the nature of the relationship that exists between the staff and the organization environment. Despite the strengths, the article has several other weaknesses key among which is the application of the th ree theories since they sound repetitive. The routine theory, for example, explains the behavior of employees at an organization thereby showing the features of both the victims and perpetrators. Environmental criminology does the same a feature that makes either redundant.The author of the article draws a systematic conclusion by proving the application of each theory in the Barings Bank case. He concludes that criminals often use the knowledge of the environment coupled with their understanding of the operations of the organization to commit a crime.